go (do something)

In casual speech, you say "go (do something)" to mean "go (somewhere) and (do something)". For example:

Do you want to go see a movie?

This means to go to a movie theater and watch a movie.

I'll go pick up all the stuff we need.

This means to go out to a store so that you can buy the supplies you need.

get a prescription filled

When you "get a prescription filled", you go to a pharmacy and the pharmacist gives you the medicine that is written on the prescription.

I'll be back (at some time)

This is what you say when you're leaving somewhere, and you want to tell the people there when you're going to return. You don't need to say this every time you leave your home or office, only when it's important for people to know what time you're coming back.

in a while

This is a way of saying when something is going to happen. It's not very specific. It usually means some time later in the same day.